Foreign Direct Investment Policies Of India With Respect...

Research Topic: Analytical Study of Foreign Direct Investment Policies in India with respect to E-commerce Retailing Sector. Student Id: 9791265 Course: Msc International Business and Management Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the control of the operations or the ownership of domestic companies by foreign companies. It normally involves establishing operations or acquiring tangible assets.(Foreign direct investment definition from financial times lexicon, no date) There are three types of FDI: Horizontal: When a company carries out the same activities across international borders that they used to do in home country. Vertical: When different stages of activities are added abroad. Like, Honda acquires car†¦show more content†¦Global players found India as the emerging market and big opportunity to invest in and highest percentage increase in FDI was found in housing and construction sector (Bennett, 2008). . Research Objectives 1. To understand what is FDI and how does it impact the economy. 2. To study the E-commerce retailing sector of the country. 3. To study the implications of the FDI policy of the country with respect to retailing sector. 4. To study the growing trend of FDI in the country. 5. To understand the impact of FDI in the retail sector. 6. To study the factors leading to higher FDI in the country. 7. To understand the change i.e. increase and decrease of GDP growth rate with the fluctuations in FDI. Research Question 1. Why FDI is not allowed in inventory-based model of e-commerce? 2. Consequences of 100% FDI being allowed in Multi Brand Retailing? 3. What is the impact of FDI in e-commerce sector? Literature Review Foreign Direct Investment plays a vital role in the growth of recipient countries (de Mello, 1997). FDI inflows help recipient country with the financial resources and even employment that may not be available with them; this helps boosting the economic performance of the country. FDI increase the production output of the country and more efficient use of resources by getting in more advanced technology and funds and by observing the unemployed resources of the

Bible Studies Analysis of Pauls Prison Epistle Books

Introduction Colossians, Ephesians, Philippians and Philemon are prison epistle books that Paul wrote during his time when he was imprisoned in Rome. Lord brought Paul in a city called Rome to go and do the mission strategy which was given to the disciples by Jesus just before he ascended into heaven. Pauls task was to complete the mission of making the gospel to come to all corners of the world. Lord told him to take courage since he had testified many things about him in Jerusalem therefore he was in a good position of doing it once more in Rome. There could be evidences that, these books were written at the same time. Paul wrote these four books with intention of warning the members of the church to be prepared for the spiritual conflicts that will result in putting into practice the principle of Christianity. He also wrote the books to act as in exposition of the nature of universal church, and the body of Christ. For this case, various names were given to the church by Paul in relation to the prison epistles. The church was defined as the body of Christ, meaning that all those who believed in Christ were to be the part of the church and be considered a significant part of the church. The church was also described as the temple of God, which signifies the believers who wished to be in the house of God to pray making the congregation within a building that is set aside for the sole purpose of worship. This reflects back on the act of Jesus where He chased businessShow MoreRelated The Colossian Heresy Essay example2864 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Judaizing and early Gnostic influences (which will soon be discussed), he believes there to be a single group or culprit responsible for the religious heresy that is taking place . Lightfoot goes on to defend his theory with the ideas that the epistle shows no traces of multiple opponents being faced, and that in historical criticism the multiplication of persons is needless and should be downplayed . While this theory would also seem to be solid, it would still seem that there is more than a single

Diabetes Websites Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Diabetes websites are only one form of the many sources produced by technology. The usage of websites in obtaining information is now widely credited because it is fast, up-to-date and efficient while on the comfort of home. When using the internet, the available facts are always ready for printing and research use. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes Websites or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like any other illness, diabetes is a wide known subject and almost all ages can have this disease. On the other hand, internet utilization does not choose its consumers. Elderly, children and the adults use websites due to its informative format and easy programs. Let us look on two websites that give data about diabetes. The examination on the accuracy, objectivity, timeliness, coverage and user-friendliness of the two website will determine the strengths of internet usage for diabetes patients. BDDIABETES.COM.US The Bddiabetes.com.us licensed under U.S. laws and regulation is a site that gives information on diabetes and products and services for patients. Outside the U.S. users are warned by the site upon using their website. They affirm that the laws do not legally cover any access to their site from outside the U.S. In addition, products and services intended for U.S. citizen will not be available outside the U.S. or different from their offered product in a respective country. (bddiabetes.com, 2002) The website asserted that their site is not, of any form, compliance to Medical Advice. They are providing different information’s about diabetes but still consulting a physician is necessary to avoid further damage. The site also affirmed their stand as an informational site not to be substituted for professional assistance nor diagnosing a disease. Treatment or such information’s displayed on the site are for general purposes only because of its summarized form. Furthermore, the site advises those individuals who have read anything on their site that might be helpful in answering their consultative situations not to delay upon seeking a doctor or to consider it as a medical advice. (bddiabetes.com, 2002) Concerning accuracy on their products and information’s, the BDDiabetes formed their Terms and Condition with which one should comply. The website acknowledges any innovative designs on products and technologies that have legal patents or the submitter having fixed the patents of their designs. On the contrary, the company and its employees do not accept unsolicited informations and promotions, new advertisements, marketing plans and materials. The objective of this regulation is to prevent probable errors or disagreements that might be similar with BD’s products and marketing plans. Whenever someone still submits an entry of unsolicited information, the company will use the information free and in any manner, they want. The site also covers bulletin boards, which they prefer to as â€Å"public areas† and Public Information, where comments or suggestion sent on their data. The company affirms that they have no accountability whatsoever on these comments’ contents like pornography, error, defamation, obscenity, falsehood or inaccuracy. However, the site reviews and observes every detail of sent messages concerning feedbacks and forums and if these messages will contain any unlawful act that will make up or advance conduct considered a criminal offense, the company will subject the person to the laws covering this offense. Furthermore, the site prohibits children less than 18 years of age to send unsolicited and public information on their site. (bddiabetes.com, 2002) The site changes their content from time to time in accordance with Federal Security Laws. These alterations are future revenues, income, products, events and developments that BD anticipates in the future. Several factors may affect changes to the innovative statements regarding the products of the site. These are competitive factors, economic changes like foreign exchange rates, sales and business forecasts, availability of raw materials and amendments on health care and other government decrees. (bddiabetes.com, 2002) JOSLIN.ORG The Joslin Diabetes Center is a website licensed under the U.S. Federal laws and by foreign laws. This site is a diabetes-related site that gives information about diabetes, products, bulletin boards, forums and emails about the disease. As stressed by Bddiabetes.com, this site also supplies information for diabetes and not for medical diagnosis. It is not to be referred as treatment or advice for the illness. In addition, the discussion boards and emails are not reliable sources in providing treatments for emergency cases. However, they believe that all the supplied information about diabetes is accurate and up-to-date. (joslin.org, 2007) Informations on Joslin.org are protected by Federal laws and could not shared, sell or disclose unless asked with permission. The website gathers its information in emails sent and feedback from users. The Joslin site also offers an information sheet that will ask some important information about the user and if he or she purchases a product at this site, the survey sheet will be provided. This method of Joslin is to know their liabilities and suggestion from consumers. Mailing lists and registration lists from Joslin are offered to consumers who want to receive newsletters about diabetes and other updates about the site’s information. In addition, people who are included in the mailing lists are sent with surveys to be filled up in order to add information on their diabetes and improve health care. (joslin.org, 2007) User’s information are protected whether on an on-line or off-line state. When a client orders a product on-line by using a credit card or any encryption number, the site will not divulge this to anyone and restricted to the employees assigned in this work. The outside orders from U.S. are in the hands of authorized online site of Joslin likewise the information sent on this site is not disclosed or shared with other people than the employees working in that field. (joslin.org, 2007) The users are notified if there are sudden changes with the policies and functions of the site. An example is information from a third party used by the site. The company will immediately inform the user through mail and if the user disagrees with the utilization of his/her data, the company assures of the client’s information comply with the privacy policy. The site does not handle any data from children 13 years old and below. If the site identifies the user to be a child, the information will be disregarded. (joslin.org, 2007) CONCLUSION The diabetes website reflects how people and computers help achieve the fulfillment of knowledge. People are wise enough to invent things in making impossible things possible. The internet really disregarded the word time. With just one click, you can have access to any information you want. The snail mail, for example is now an email. Sending a mail with just one click for free plus it is not a domestic fad but a worldwide service. Access to mail could be of any age group or gender. Another is the messenger or instant messaging, in nonprofessional’s term, chat. This kind of communication is in a live form compared to email. It is a two-way communication that enhances file transfer and overseas communication. All these technology are but just a click away. The most popular of all are the search engines, which replace directories, encyclopedias and dictionaries. Several search engines made their names in World Wide Web like Google and yahoo. These search engines give solutions for instant finding of every need like shopping internationally. Payment made easy by internet in bills, shopping and membership fees on other sites. People with disabilities have specialized programs that cope up with utilizing computers. In some Microsoft programmed computers there are what they call speech tools that are for people who could not use the keyboard. In addition, handwriting software can type words that are written by the hand using the mouse. The blind can also use the computer with specialized keyboard that have Braille markings. Even if there are advantages concerning internet use, there are also numerous disadvantages of internet use. To name a few are personal information, spamming and pornography. Pornography can be easily accessed in the internet as the World Wide Web covers everything. Children nowadays have unlimited access with computers and with pornography at site, they can retrieve pornography agents. Personal information, on the other hand, can be divulged to any user. Even though the technology’s advanced approach give protection to these factors, we still cannot reassure the entities pursuant of stealing this information. Lastly is spamming that clogs up the system and damages the computer. In third world countries, cost of this brand of technology is of concern. In areas like the Philippines, most teenagers addicted to online gaming spent their allowances on games. Instead of purchasing something to eat, teenagers go to the internet shop for a one hour game. Next are the legal issues of internet crimes. In developing countries, there are no sufficient laws that could control the internet crimes like prostitution in the internet and pyramiding scams. To sum it all up, internet’s use are in many ways, advantageous. Health and education benefit from the internet because of no geographic barriers. But some use this technology in doing illicit activities harming people and their properties. REFERENCES Terms of Use and Disclaimer. (2007) Joslin Diabetes Center. Retrieved October 15, 2007 from http://www.joslin.org/SiteMap_2679.asp Terms and Conditions. (2002) BD Diabetes. Retrieved October 15, 2007 from http://www.bddiabetes.com/us/main.aspx?cat=1id=601 How to cite Diabetes Websites, Papers

Analysis of Literature and Paintings Essay Example For Students

Analysis of Literature and Paintings Essay Towards the end of the extract Antonym is ashamed of what he has become we can see this from the extract l am ashamed that an Impersonator such as have been should prove in the end to have less courage than a woman (Plutarch, in Assignment Booklet, 2012, p. 0). In another accounts of Antonym and Cleopatra meetings Plutarch again, also portrays Cleopatra as having a hold over Antonym and has manipulated him to get what she wants. (Pear, 2008, p. O) Cassias Did also portrays Cleopatra as having a strong hold over her relationship with Antonym, as in his speech on Augustus on Cleopatra he states she enslaved Antonym and was bewitched by her (Scott Kilter, 1965 in Fear, 2008, p. 27). Both Cassias Did and Plutarch characterizes Cleopatra as having a lethal influence on Antonym and their relationship Plutarch wrote The love for Cleopatra which now entered his life came as the final and crowning mischief which could befall him (Scott Kilter, 1965 in gear, 2008, p. G). Cassias Did in his speech Augustus on Cleopatra writes And so, being enslaved by her, he plunges into war With all its attendant dangers Which he has accepted for her sake (Scott Kilter, 1987 in Fear, 2008, p. 27) When reading Horace Ode 1. 37 Antonym is not mentioned specifically in the poem, but like Plutarch and Cassias Did he also portrays Cleopatra not only having a negative impact but also possessing the more superior role in the relationship. Horace portrays this when he says While the mad queen with her contaminated flock of men diseased by vice (West, 2004 in Pear, 2008, p. 8) In conclusion, looking at this passage by Plutarch and other passages by Plutarch in Chapter 1 and comparing them with Cassias Didos passage and the poem by Horace, the portrayal and characterizations are very similar as they all appear to suggest Cleopatra as having a strong and dominate hold over their relationship. All three sources also seem to suggest the relationship between Antonym and Cleopatra as having a positive impact on Cleopatra character and a negative impact on Antonym character. Word Count 480 Bibliography Fear, T. 2008) Minoan, E. (De) IOWA The Arts Past and Present Book 1 Reputations, Exosphere, The Open Universities)h Scott-Kilter, L (2014) IOWA The Arts Past and Present Assignment Booklet, The Open University. Part 2 Cezanne Compare and contrast CÂ ©Cannes Bathers (Plate I . 3. 4) with Corrections Lead with the Swan (Plate 1. 3. 8). CÂ ©canes Bathers and Corrections Lead with the Swan are both oil paintings on canvas, Although the genre of both paintings are Bathers, there and many differences between the two paintings. The picture space of CÂ ©canes Bathers is in an open, and very bright space, whereas Corrections Lead with the Swan picture space is very dense. Both artists have used an outdoor setting with the use of trees in the back ground. The eye is immediately drawn to the nude woman portrayed as Lead in Corrections painting, this is also the brightest part Of the painting. The light appears to be corning from the bottom right hand side of the painting, whereas the light in CÂ ©canes Bathers appears to be coming from the picture plane, as though the light is coming from the actual oral rather than the picture space. To create an allusion of distance Giorgio has used Aerial perspective. He has used more intense colors in the foreground and paler colors in the background. He has also used two point perspectives as there are two vanishing points in the painting one on the left hand side of the painting and one towards the right hand side between the trees, from both points we can see the mountains fading in the background. CÂ ©Zane has used a single point perspective as there is only one vanishing point, where a tree in the distance can be seen. CÂ ©Zane has also used bright and pale colors throughout. .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 , .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .postImageUrl , .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 , .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72:hover , .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72:visited , .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72:active { border:0!important; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72:active , .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72 .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud1b0e256a76a0fd59dd6f7c1d24c8f72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Renaissance Literature QuizThere is a clear difference between the narrow tonal range in CÂ ©canes painting and the wide tonal range in Corrections Lead with the Swan. There is an obvious contrast between light and dark colors in Corrections painting giving a quite dramatic effect. The contrasts of light and dark colors in CÂ ©canes Bathers are minimal, causing a less dramatic effect, Both artists have also used tints in their paintings to produce lighter colors although CÂ ©Zane has used this more, Giorgio has used unsaturated colors to produce a more subtle effect and as used shading to distinguish the lit areas from the unlit areas. CÂ ©Zane has used saturated bright colors. The color ranges of both paintings are narrow as both artists have used a limited palette Of colors. Cezanne has used mainly greens, blues and whites suggesting a more calming mood and Giorgio has used mainly browns and black creating a more dramatic mood. When comparing the texture of both paintings there is a vast difference. Corrections painting has a smooth surface, he has applied the paint thinly and used linear brushwork, the brush marks can hardly be seen. CÂ ©canes painting looks rough and the paint has been thickly applied using multi directional brush strokes and using a painterly technique. There is also a vast difference in the actual nudes in the painting. CÂ ©canes nudes are not defined and very roughly painted and unattractive. They look as if they are unsettled and awkward, Corrections nudes are more defined and smoothly painted, compared to CÂ ©canes nudes they look more calm and collected. In conclusion, both artists have used the same genre tort their paintings, although Corrections Lead with the Swan can also be seen as a hydrological genre.

Volcanoes Essays (2385 words) - Volcanology, Plate Tectonics

Volcanoes Volcanoes JACK KNOFF WR 327 Technical Report Spring '99 Introduction In this report I plan to discuss the geological event of volcanic eruptions and the disasters they cause. To me, this is a fascinating topic and timely seeing how the 19th anniversary of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens is upon us. I hope to inform people of the mass destruction that is caused by the eruption of a volcano. The scope of my report will be limited to: 1) describing what comes out of a volcano, 2) explaining the seven different types of volcanoes, 3) explaining the five types of volcanic eruptions, and 4) explaining the disasters they can cause people. The procedure for completing this report first started by watching educational television programs that featured volcanoes and the upcoming anniversary of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens. From there, I decided that the topic of volcanoes would be a good subject for my analytical report. Then I began my research, first looking online for websites that contained information and pictures of volcanoes. After this, I looked for pu blications about volcanoes in the library, finding many books that pertained to my topic. Having an abundance of data, I began to sort through all of it and found what I thought to be the most informative. I then prepared an outline of the subjects I wanted to write about and arranged the data and visuals to fit my outline. And of course from there, I began to write this report using the technical writing methods taught during lecture and described in the book. Collected Data If we look through volcanoes we can view the interior of the earth. More than just lava flows are spewed out of volcanoes when they erupt. The three main components that erupt out of a volcano are: lava, ash, and bombs. When all three of these components lump together, the solid fragments are called pyroclastics. Pyroclastic rocks can be erupted in two different ways: they can be airfall deposits or pyroclastic flows. There are seven different types of volcanoes: Submarine volcanoes; Ridges and vents; Shield volcanoes; Lava plateaus and Flood basalts; Lave domes; Composite volcanoes; Cinder and Scoria cones; and Calderas. Each of these volcanoes is found in different geographical locations and have different eruptions. Along with different types of volcanoes, there are also different types of eruptions. The five eruption types are: Pelean, Vulcanian, Strombolian, Hawaiian, and Icelandic. These volcanoes have different levels of explosiveness, and their eruptions occur due to their geographic location. A volcanic hazard is destructive natural process that has a probability of reoccurring. Losses from volcanoes include: people's lives, property, livestock, and the productive capacity of the area. The factors of predicting volcanic activity are: the longer a volcano is inactive, the greater the chances are for it to become active; eruptive behavior may change with time; and some hazards are indirectly related to an eruption, making it difficult to forecast. Being informed of volcanoes in your area and knowing cautionary steps can save your life. What Comes out of Volcanoes? Volcanoes are dark windows to the interior of the Earth (Decker 104). Volcanic products are our only direct samples of the Earth's composition from deeper levels. Most people think that lava flows are the only products spewed from volcanoes, but actually volcanic ash and larger solid fragments, called cinders and blocks, form the major products of observed volcanic eruptions (Decker 104). The three components that erupt from a volcano are: lava ash, and bombs. The volcanic debris that lumps together all the sizes of solid fragments is called pyroclastics (See Figure 1). Pyroclastics come from three sources: magma that is cooled and broken into fragments by expanding gases at the moment of eruption; fragments of old crater walls which are ripped loose in explosive eruptions; and clots of liquid lava thrown into the air which cool during their flight. Pyroclastic rocks are set apart by the general size of fragments. Volcanic dust is fine; volcanic ash is gritty, with particles up to th e size of rice; cinders include pieces as big as Ping-Pong balls; and blocks cover all other fragments up to the size of a house. Volcanic bombs are block-sized clots of liquid lava thrown from erupting vents. Pyroclastic rocks can

The Invention and History of the Altimeter

The Invention and History of the Altimeter The altimeter is an instrument that measures vertical distance with respect to a reference level. It can give the altitude of the land surface above sea level or the altitude of an airplane over the ground. French physicist  Louis Paul Cailletet  invented the altimeter and the high-pressure manometer. Cailletet was the first to liquefy oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and air in 1877. He had been studying the composition of gases given off by iron in the blast furnace of his fathers ironworks. At the same time, Swiss physician Raoul-Pierre Pictet liquefied oxygen using another method. Cailletet had an interest in aeronautics, which led to developing an altimeter to measure the altitude of an airplane. Version 2.0 AKA the  Kollsman Window In 1928, a German-American inventor named Paul Kollsman changed the world of  aviation with the invention of the worlds first accurate barometric altimeter, which was also called the â€Å"Kollsman Window.† His altimeter converted barometric pressure into the distance above sea level in feet. It even allowed pilots to fly blind. Kollsman was born in Germany, where he studied civil engineering. He emigrated to the United States in 1923 and worked in New York as a truck driver for Pioneer Instruments Co. He formed the Kollsman Instrument Company in 1928 when Pioneer didnt accept his design. He had then-Lieutenant Jimmy Doolittle conduct a test flight with the altimeter in 1929 and was eventually able to sell them to the United States Navy. Kollsman sold his company to the Square D Company in 1940 for four million dollars. The Kollsman Instrument Company eventually became a division of Sun Chemical Corporation. Kollsman also went on to file hundreds of other patents, including those for converting salt water into fresh water and for a slip-resistant bathroom surface. He even owned one of the earliest ski areas in the United States, Snow Valley in Vermont. He married actress Baroness Julie Luli Deste and purchased The Enchanted Hill estate in Beverly Hills. The Radio Altimeter   Lloyd Espenschied invented the first radio altimeter in 1924.  Espenschied was a native of St. Louis, Missouri who graduated from the Pratt Institute with a degree in electrical engineering. He was interested in wireless and radio communications and worked for telephone and telegraph companies. He eventually became the director of high-frequency transmission development at Bell Telephone Laboratories.   The principle  behind how it works involves monitoring a beam of radio waves transmitted by an aircraft and their time to return as reflected from the ground to calculate altitude above the ground. The radio altimeter differs from the barometric altimeter in showing altitude above the ground below rather than above sea level. That is a critical difference for improved flight safety. In 1938, the FM radio altimeter was first demonstrated in New York by Bell Labs. In the first public display of the device, radio signals were bounced off the ground to show pilots the altitude of an aircraft. Besides the altimeter, he was also the co-creator of the coaxial cable, an important component of television and long-distance telephone service. He held over 100 patents in communications technology.

Case Study Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Study Analysis - Assignment Example of the greatest ironies surrounding the release of the drug into the public domain was that some of the major personnel in FDA such as Merk were aware of the possible threats that were associated with the use of the drug were quite adamant to make it known (Richwine, 2004, November 18). They knew the drug increased risks of heart attack that made it pose as a great threat to public use. However, Charles Grassley one of the primary leaders in FDA initiated research to investigate the risks associated with the use of Rofecobix drug (Topol, 2004). In the course of this research, Dr. David Graham an FDA reviewer discovered the risks associated with the use of the drug, and made a publication without obtaining any clearance from the FDA committee (PhamaLot, 2011, August 28). The primary leadership of FDA has a number of shortcomings most of which contributed to the clearing the drug for public use. The chairperson of the FDA committee Charles Grassley equally raised concern that the relationship that existed between the drug companies and FDA was cozy and, therefore, could not provide room for the establishment of proper control over the drugs cleared (Topol, 2004). Some committee members have also been faulted for knowingly allowing the clearance of the drug and not warning people of the impending risks associated with the use of rofecobix. In addition, when David Graham published his findings, he was faulted by the acting commissioner of FDA, Lester Crawford, stating that Graham did not follow the correct procedures in making publication of his findings report (Richwine, 2004, November 18). Grassley, on the other hand, is on the opinion that Lester Crawford wanted to intimidate, Graham the reviewer and, therefore, his statements were purely meant to i ntimidate the witness before hearing (PhamaLot, 2011, August 28). The above crisis represents a management dilemma, which results into confusion and inconsistency in the nature of research provided. The primary leaders